Here's a link to the medical definition:
http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/en.asp?TopicID=274
In terms of dieting, ketosis is a state you arrive in when your body has basically used up all the carbs it has available for energy and now begins to burn ketones. Ketones are a by-product of processing protein.
How do you know if you in ketosis? The best way is to use ketone strips (like a litmus paper). To give you an example of what you would transition through on the way to ketosis, think about the process you go through with Atkins - the first two weeks you basically go without carbs before you go into "maintenance" - you always hear about how crappy people feel - you get spacy, irritable, etc. because your body (and brain) has run out of carbs to draw on for energy and begins to start looking for another energy source. So you enter ketosis when your body finally makes the switch over to the ketones and the symtoms are gone. But because you have now to run on ketones you will get tired more easily, not be able to train harder.
But if you are trying to run a controlled CKD diet, your best bet is to use the ketone strips (available at health food stores & any place that sells Atkins stuff) to track it.