A friend of mine works for the prostitutes collective doing sex education, political lobbying, etc. Here is the information he sent me which will hopefully answer your question.
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Holes in condoms:
It is true that there are microscopic holes in latex, just as there are in all
natural products. It is also true that in one study under extreme laboratory
testing, using non-standard single dipped condoms, virus particles of HIV were
able to be forced through these holes.
However, this has never been replicated using standard double dipped condoms,
and does not happen outside the laboratory. HIV needs a carrier- cells from the
body, as you have pointed out (nearly all bodily fluids contain cells of some
sort- even urine contains some epithelial cells from the pelvis and urethra).
Under normal conditions, water (2H2O) cannot get through the latex in standard
double dipped condoms. Sex workers in NZ predominantly use Durex Confidence (we
sell confidence, not condoms), Ansell Lifestyles, or Sagami Silver. These are
all triple dipped condoms, although the Sagami is slightly thicker as they are
in the latex liquid slightly longer. The natural holes in these are even
smaller than those in standard double dipped condoms
Transmission of HIV
HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex where bodily fluids are exchanged.
It is commonly held that it needs a cut or rupture to enter the body. This is
not necessarily the case, although small cuts and abrasions that happen during
sex would aid this transmission. The walls of the rectum and vagina are
extremely absorbent, and have thousands of small capillaries close to the
surface to aid this absorption, and absorb fluids directly into the blood
stream. This is where transmission usually occurs. the chances of being
infected are extremely small- less than 1 in 100 encounters with someone who is
living with HIV. There are exceptions to this- if a person is newly infected
the viral load is very high, and if a person has lost all their immune system,
the viral load is also very high. Where a person has a high viral load, they
are more likely to infect their partners. Nevertheless, is 1 chance in 100
worth the risk?
Sex worker vs. bar slut and STI transmission
Sex workers have a very low incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs).
Professor Basil Donovan, the head of Sydney Sexual Health, has stated that the
rate of all STIs among sex workers in Sydney is far less than 1%, compared to
the general population incidence of 8%-10% of chlamydia, and lesser rates for
gonorrhoea of between 7%-9%. Studies investigating where sex workers get
infected have shown that it is predominantly their long term partners who infect
them, as they sometimes do not use condoms outside work with their long term
partners. A Melbourne study showed the incidence of chlamydia among
approximately 400 sex workers in brothels in Melbourne was about 0.1%. In that
same study, the workers put the used condoms into a sealed sterile container.
The contents were then tested for chlamydia. Approximately 10% of clients
tested
positive for chlamydia. Only 1 of the sex workers tested positive for chlamydia
during the 3 months of the study, catching it from a client. Further studies
which show the lack of STIs among sex workers in comparison to the general
population are:
Campbell C, (1991) Prostitution, AIDS and Preventative Health Behaviour. Social
Science and Medicine, 32(12), 1367-1368
Donovan, B & Harcourt, C. (1996) The Female Sex Industry in Australia: a health
promotion model. Venereology, 9 (1): 63-67.
Pyett, P., Haste, B. & Snow, J. (1996). Risk Practices for HIV infection and
other STDs amongst female prostitutes working in legalised brothels. AIDS Care,
8 (1), 85-94
Vanwesenbeek, I., de Graaf, R., van Zeesen, G., Straver, C. & Visser. J. (1993)
Condom use by prostitutes: behaviour, factors and considerations. Journal of
Psychology and Human Sexuality, 6, 69-91
Bar sluts on the other hand, rarely have STI checks, rarely use condoms, and
sleep with a variety of men. For example, when I was flatting with a str8
woman, who was a bar slut, she would never use condoms, regardless of how often
I urged her to do so- "I'm on the pill so I don't need to" was her reply. She
had severe PID caused by several infections of chlamydia and gonorrhoea, had HPV
and abnormal cells in her pap smears. I found this out when she told me about
her abnormal smear results. I again stressed the importance of condom use and
safer sex. She still replied, "But I'm on the pill so I don't need to". This
is the height of ignorance.
If anyone is "dirty", it is the bar sluts (female AND male) who sleep with a
different person every night under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol impairs
judgement, and it is this that affects the probability of condom use.
Dental dams should also be used for oral sex (cunnilingus and anilingus) to
prevent oral transmission of STIs and parasites.
Nevertheless, there will always be some who prefer moral platitudes to real hard
fact. You can also verify information about condoms from SIECUS
(
http://www.siecus.org) and their condom fact sheet at
http://www.siecus.org/pubs/fact/fact0011.html