Myostatin Inhibitors

[Zeacky]

J Biol Chem 2000 Sep 6; [epub ahead of print] Related Articles, Books, LinkOut


Myostatin,a negative regulator of muscle growth, functions by inhibiting myoblast proliferation.

Thomas M, Langley B, Berry C, Sharma M, Kirk S, Bass J, Kambadur R

Animal Genomics, AgResearch, Hamilton.

[Record supplied by publisher]

Myostatin, a member of TGF beta superfamily has been shown to be a negative regulator of myogenesis. Here we show that myostatin functions by controlling the proliferation of muscle precursor cells. When C2C12 myoblasts were incubated with myostatin, proliferation of myoblasts decreased with increasing levels of myostatin. FACS analysis revealed that myostatin prevented the progression of myoblasts from the G1 to S-phase of the cell cycle. Western analysis indicated that myostatin specifically up-regulated p21(Waf1, Cip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) and decreased the levels of Cdk2 protein in myoblasts. Furthermore we also observed that in myoblasts treated with myostatin protein, Rb was predominately present in the hypophosphorylated form. These results suggests that, in response to myostatin signaling, there is an increase in p21 expression and a decrease in Cdk2 protein thus resulting in an accumulation of hypophosphorylated Rb protein. This, in turn, leads to the arrest of myoblasts in G1-phase of cell cycle. Thus, we propose that the generalized muscular hyperplasia phenotype observed in animals that lack functional myostatin could be as a result of deregulated myoblast proliferation.

PMID: 10976104

full text

http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/M004356200v1.pdf


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[This message has been edited by Zeacky (edited October 05, 2000).]

[This message has been edited by Zeacky (edited October 05, 2000).]

 

[Zeacky]

Am J Physiol 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 2):R601-6 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut


Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading.

Carlson CJ, Booth FW, Gordon SE

Department of Integrative Biology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.

Transgenic mice lacking a functional myostatin (MSTN) gene demonstrate greater skeletal muscle mass resulting from muscle fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia (McPherron, A. C., A. M. Lawler, and S. -J. Lee. Nature 387: 83-90, 1997). Therefore, we hypothesized that, in normal mice, MSTN may act as a negative regulator of muscle mass. Specifically, we hypothesized that the predominately slow (type I) soleus muscle, which demonstrates greater atrophy than the fast (type II) gastrocnemius-plantaris complex (Gast/PLT), would show more elevation in MSTN mRNA abundance during hindlimb unloading (HU). Surprisingly, MSTN mRNA was not detectable in weight-bearing or HU soleus muscle, which atrophied 42% by the 7th day of HU in female ICR mice. In contrast, MSTN mRNA was present in weight-bearing Gast/PLT muscle and was significantly elevated (67%) at 1 day but not at 3 or 7 days of HU. However, the Gast/PLT muscle had only atrophied 17% by the 7th day of HU. Because the soleus is composed only of type I and IIa fibers, whereas the Gast/PLT expresses type IId/x and IIb in addition to type I and IIa, it was necessary to perform a more careful analysis of the relationship between MSTN mRNA levels and myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoform expression (as a marker of fiber type). A significant correlation (r = 0.725, P < 0. 0005) was noted between the percentage of MHC isoform IIb expression and MSTN mRNA abundance in several muscles of the mouse hindlimb. These results indicate that MSTN expression is not strongly associated with muscle atrophy induced by HU; however, it is strongly associated with MHC isoform IIb expression in normal muscle.

PMID: 10444569, UI: 99375242

Full text pdf:
http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/277/2/R601.pdf

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[Zeacky]

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 Dec 8;95(25):14938-43 Related Articles, Books, Protein, Nucleotide, OMIM, LinkOut


Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting.

Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Taylor WE, Yarasheski K, Sinha-Hikim I, Ma K, Ezzat S, Shen R, Lalani R, Asa S, Mamita M, Nair G, Arver S, Bhasin S

Division of Endocrinology, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA. [email protected]

Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is a genetic determinant of skeletal muscle growth. Mice and cattle with inactivating mutations of myostatin have marked muscle hypertrophy. However, it is not known whether myostatin regulates skeletal muscle growth in adult men and whether increased myostatin expression contributes to wasting in chronic illness. We examined the hypothesis that myostatin expression correlates inversely with fat-free mass in humans and that increased expression of the myostatin gene is associated with weight loss in men with AIDS wasting syndrome. We therefore cloned the human myostatin gene and cDNA and examined the gene's expression in the skeletal muscle and serum of healthy and HIV-infected men. The myostatin gene comprises three exons and two introns, maps to chromosomal region 2q33.2, has three putative transcription initiation sites, and is transcribed as a 3.1-kb mRNA species that encodes a 375-aa precursor protein. Myostatin is expressed uniquely in the human skeletal muscle as a 26-kDa mature glycoprotein (myostatin-immunoreactive protein) and secreted into the plasma. Myostatin immunoreactivity is detectable in human skeletal muscle in both type 1 and 2 fibers. The serum and intramuscular concentrations of myostatin-immunoreactive protein are increased in HIV-infected men with weight loss compared with healthy men and correlate inversely with fat-free mass index. These data support the hypothesis that myostatin is an attenuator of skeletal muscle growth in adult men and contributes to muscle wasting in HIV-infected men.

PMID: 9843994, UI: 99061972

Full Text
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/95/25/14938.pdf

 

[Zeacky]

: Am J Physiol 1998 Oct;275(4 Pt 2):R1265-73 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut


Myostatin expression in porcine tissues: tissue specificity and developmental and postnatal regulation.

Ji S, Losinski RL, Cornelius SG, Frank GR, Willis GM, Gerrard DE, Depreux FF, Spurlock ME

Purina Mills, Saint Louis, Missouri 63144, USA.

The objective of this study was to establish the developmental pattern and tissue specificity of porcine myostatin expression and to evaluate expression in skeletal muscle during circumstances in which muscle growth was altered. Northern blot analysis revealed two transcripts (1.5 and 0.8 kb). Myostatin mRNA was detected in whole fetuses at 21 and 35 days and was markedly increased (P < 0.05) by 49 days. At birth, mRNA abundance in longissimus muscle had declined significantly (P < 0.05) from that at day 105 of gestation and continued to decrease (P < 0.05) to its lowest level 2 wk postnatally (4 kg body wt). Myostatin expression was higher (P < 0. 05) at 55, 107, and 162 kg body wt than at 4 kg body wt. Postnatally, myostatin mRNA was detected in skeletal muscle and mammary gland. Expression at birth was 65% higher (P < 0.04) in longissimus muscle of low-birth-weight piglets (0.57 +/- 0.052 kg body wt) vs. normal (1.37 +/- 0.077 kg body wt) littermates, irrespective of gender. However, suppression of longissimus muscle growth by food deprivation (3 days) did not alter (P > 0.15) myostatin expression in either 4- or 7-wk-old piglets. Additionally, myostatin mRNA abundance was not changed by porcine growth hormone administration in growing animals. These data indicate that myostatin expression in skeletal muscle peaks prenatally and that greater expression is associated with low birth weight. Expression in mammary gland indicates a possible role for myostatin in mammary gland development and/or lactation.

PMID: 9756559, UI: 98432025

Full text

http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/275/4/R1265.pdf

 

[Zeacky]

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Nov 11;94(23):12457-61 Related Articles, Books, Protein, Nucleotide, OMIM, LinkOut


Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene.

McPherron AC, Lee SJ

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Myostatin (GDF-8) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of secreted growth and differentiation factors that is essential for proper regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice. Here we report the myostatin sequences of nine other vertebrate species and the identification of mutations in the coding sequence of bovine myostatin in two breeds of double-muscled cattle, Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, which are known to have an increase in muscle mass relative to conventional cattle. The Belgian Blue myostatin sequence contains an 11-nucleotide deletion in the third exon which causes a frameshift that eliminates virtually all of the mature, active region of the molecule. The Piedmontese myostatin sequence contains a missense mutation in exon 3, resulting in a substitution of tyrosine for an invariant cysteine in the mature region of the protein. The similarity in phenotypes of double-muscled cattle and myostatin null mice suggests that myostatin performs the same biological function in these two species and is a potentially useful target for genetic manipulation in other farm animals.

PMID: 9356471, UI: 98024153

full text
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/94/23/12457.pdf

 

[Deepsquat]

Damn, double muscling! What a problem to have ! OH to be a Belgium Blue BULL!